What Age Should a Baby Be Potty Trained

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© 2021 Gwen Dewar, all rights reserved

In Western countries similar the U.s., many children brainstorm toilet training former betwixt 24 and 36 months.  But from an historical and cantankerous-cultural standpoint, this timing is very late, and it comes with a downside.

So what's the correct potty training historic period? It depends on your child, your goals, and what merchandise-offs you're willing to brand.

In this article I embrace:

• the "normal" age to railroad train, and how this age varies across cultures and historical time periods;
• why when yous train matters less than how you lot train; and
• the pros and cons of toilet training at different stages of development, from infancy to 24 months — and beyond.

Getting started: What'south the normal age to toilet train a kid?

"Normal" is a slippery concept. Information technology varies from 1 civilization to the next.

For example, in parts of Africa and Asia, it'due south normal for children to brainstorm learning toileting routines very early — oft within 4-12 weeks of nascence (Sun and Rugolotto 2004).

In Russia, it has been traditional to start toilet training months later, during the latter half of an infant's start year (Karkashadze et al 2012).

And in Western Europe and English-speaking North America?

Children typically begin toilet training sometime between 24 and 36 months (eastward.thousand., Blum et al 2003; van Nunen et al 2015; Vermandel et al 2008; Sejokora et al 2020).

What's normal too varies considerably betwixt subcultures within the same society.

For example, when researchers interviewed approximately 780 parents living in Washington, D.C., they asked parents to weigh in on the most appropriate historic period to brainstorm training. And the answers? Equally the researchers (Horn et al 2006) explain, they varied by ethnicity:

"Caucasian parents believed that toilet training should be initiated at a significantly later historic period (25.4 months) compared with both African-American parents (18.2 months) and parents of other races (xix.four months)."

And a society's norms alter over time.

To run into what I mean, consider how the timing of toilet training in the United States has shifted over the last seventy+ years.

In 1947, approximately sixty% of children had finished toilet preparation by the fourth dimension they were xviii months old (Martin et al 1984).

But by the 1980s, approximately 70% of kids hadn't even started potty training by that age. The average kid wasn't finished training until he or she was between 24 and 27 months old (Seim 1989).

Fast forward once more — to 2004 — and ane study of more than than 400 U.S. children reports that the average age of completion was nearly 37 months (Blum et al 2004).

And elsewhere?

Researchers in other Western countries have observed like historical trends — a tendency for toilet training to occur at increasingly subsequently ages over fourth dimension (Bakker and Wyndaele 2000; Horstmanshoff et al 2003).

For instance, between the 1950s and the 1980s, the median age for starting toilet training in Switzerland increased past xiii months (Largo et al 1996).

Why has the timing of toilet training been pushed back in these countries?

Researchers aren't entirely sure. The availability of convenient, dispensable diapers probably has something to do with it. And nosotros know there was a change in the culture, the rise of a new belief that toilet training should be "child-centered," or initiated past the child.

But hang on. Isn't in that location a strong medical argument for delaying toilet grooming until a child is at least 2 years former?

If you lot grew up in a society where belatedly toilet grooming is the norm, you lot might presume that. But in my years of following the enquiry, I oasis't found compelling show that children will have amend medical outcomes if nosotros delay preparation until 24 months or after.

On the opposite, as I notation below, the most up-to-date enquiry leans the other manner: Children who train earlier tend to experience fewer long-term issues with incontinence.

Of course, older kids have advanced developmental abilities, so they are able to learn more toileting advanced skills. They require less intensive assistance when they use a potty.

But that doesn't mean that nosotros tin can't — or shouldn't — train younger children. It'south just a reminder that we need to approach toilet preparation differently depending on the developmental status of the child.

So how should a parent make this decision? Is it purely a matter of personal preference?

Not exactly.

When it comes to choosing a potty training age, you have several options. But one time yous decide on the timing, your remaining choices aren't entirely free.

For example, you aren't going to railroad train a 4-calendar month-old baby in the aforementioned way that yous would train a xviii-month-old toddler. Or a 28-month-old child. Theway you railroad train — the arroyo yous accept — is going to be shaped by your child'southward developmental abilities and needs.

It's as well important to filibuster toilet training if your child suffers from health problems — like constipation — that impact elimination.

And it's crucial to suit your expectations to your child's private circumstances. As nosotros'll see, what it ways to be "toilet trained" varies a great deal, depending on your kid's age.

How, then, should you make up one's mind? You need to know more about the challenges associated with toilet grooming at different developmental stages.

In the rest of this commodity, I volition compare the advantages and disadvantages associated with four potty training age groups:

• Infants (0-12 months)
• Immature toddlers (12-18 months)
• Older toddlers (18-24 months)
• Children over 24 months

Infant potty grooming: 0-12 months

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In countries similar Kenya, Tanzania, Bharat, China, and Vietnam, the traditional potty training age is early on infancy (deVries and deVries 1977; Bouke 2003;Sunday and Rugolotto 2004).

What does the process look similar?

It begins with observation. Parents learn to recognize their babies' trunk signals, and they use these signals to anticipate when their babies volition eliminate.

Then, whenever an infant is set, the parent holds the infant over a sink, bowl, toilet, or the open ground.

As the baby voids, the parent makes a feature sound or gesture. The goal is to train the baby to acquaintance voiding with this parental sound or gesture.

And once the infant has learned that association, the parent tin can use the sign to communicate. Now the parent has a mode to request that a infant void on cue.

You can read more than about these traditional methods — sometimes called "elimination communication" — in opens in a new windowthis Parenting Science article.

As you lot can see, this system isn't what many people hateful by "toilet training."

To many, "toilet training" means didactics a child to remove his or her pants, sit down on a potty chair, wipe, and so along. It ways pedagogy skills that young babies aren't yet ready to develop. And then the traditional method of baby toilet grooming is necessarily a more than modest affair: staying dry with lots of parental aid.

Is it worth it — all that parental supervision and vigilance?

That'due south something that parents will have to determine for themselves. But there are definitely some advantages to consider.

The immediate benefits are pretty obvious. Babies never habiliment diapers, so they avert the rashes and infections associated with diapers. Their parents relieve time and coin on diapering. And going diaper-free is good for the environment.

But at that place are other, less obvious benefits too.

Research hints that children are less likely to experience recurring urinary tract infections if they were toilet trained during infancy. Why?

Information technology's probably considering toilet-trained infants learn to empty their bladders completely — eliminating whatever residuum urine that can harbor bacteria. Children whodon't begin training untilafter the historic period of 24 months may non acquire this addiction until their 3rd birthdays (Duong et al 2013).

And there'southward evidence that infant trainees are at a somewhat lower chance for developing issues with incontinence later in life (Wang et al 2020).

Finally, some parents view baby grooming as an investment. Yep, you have to be very vigilant at present. But by training your child early on, y'all save yourself a lot trouble later.

When kids grow up wearing diapers, they don't learn to pay special attention to their trunk signals, similar the awareness of a total bladder. In fact, they may learn the opposite. They may larn toignore those feelings.

Kids may also develop a sense of familiarity and comfort in wearing diapers, making them more reluctant to wear underpants.

These factors can make it harder for older children to learn toileting skills. They have old habits to break. By contrast, if you offset very early, your baby won't take any bad habits to overcome.

And then when does this traditional infant training typically brainstorm?

In some cases, parents brainstorm the process immediately later the newborn period, when the baby is 4 weeks old. Some don't outset until babies are iii months old, or fifty-fifty older (Boucke 2003; Duong et al 2013; Sun and Rugolotto 2004).

Is this "traditional" method the only fashion to approach babe toilet grooming? What if y'all desire to sit your child on a potty chair?

Once your child has learned to sit down upwards independently — directly and steady, with no wobbling — you can endeavor using a potty chair.

This seems to take been the traditional approach in many Western countries earlier the historical shift to tardily training.

For example, enquiry suggests that most Swiss infants in the 1950s were being trained to sit on potty chairs by vi-nine months (Largo and Stutzle 1977).

And many Russian babies today begin sitting on potty chairs earlier they are 12 months old (Karkashadze et al 2012).

If y'all're interested in using a potty chair, make sure that you accommodate your methods and so that they are appropriate for your infant'southward developmental level. This opens in a new window Parenting Science article outlines a procedure that has been tested by researchers.

Older infants and young toddlers (12-18 months)

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Every bit nosotros've seen, it'due south not unusual — historically and cantankerous-culturally — for parents to begin toilet training during a baby's first year.

But what about starting a bit later? During the kickoff one-half of your babe's second twelvemonth?

That timing isn't almost as common, and information technology's made me wonder. Is in that location something virtually this age range that makes potty grooming more hard?

For children in this age group, toilet training is necessarily about learning to sit down on a potty chair. And that's where some families might run into problem.

It isn't that their children tin can't sit down. It's that they don't want to.

For case, a study conducted in the Usa establish that children between the ages of 15 and 19 months were more than resistant to sitting on potty chairs than were older kids (Sears et al 1957).

And I've found an interesting parallel in Russia, where parents commonly brainstorm toilet training before 12 months. According to researchers there, parents often complain that formerly cooperative children become resistant to sitting on potties at around 14 months of age (Karkashadze et al 2012).

What's going on? It might have something to do with motor development.

Betwixt 12 and 18 months, opens in a new windowmany children are learning to walk. So some pediatricians wonder if these toddlers are simply as well excited or restless to sit on a potty chair. They'd rather walk effectually (Brazelton and Sparrow 2004).

But whatever the crusade of the resistance, it'due south important to answer appropriately.

Heavy-handed attempts to force compliance aren't the answer. They tin can provoke bad feelings about the process, and make your child even more emotionally resistant to sitting on a potty.

So it'due south improve to dorsum off if your kid actively resists, and resume grooming only if you find a manner to employ positive reinforcement — to motivate your child through encourage, praise, and other rewards.

It's as well of import to have realistic expectations.

Children under the age of 18 months are non going to attain true toileting independence. To stay clean and dry, they need regular, frequent reminders to visit the potty. And they require our ongoing assistance with things like removing wearable, wiping, and washing upwardly.

And if you lot decide to skip these months — to delay training for a later appointment?

Yous can yet put the time to good use.

The interval betwixt 12-xviii months is the perfect time to beginning thinking near toilet trainingreadiness— the set of skills and interests that will help your child principal avant-garde toilet skills afterward on. You can brand potty preparation easier if you actively prepare your child months in accelerate. opens in a new windowFor tips, meet this Parenting Science commodity.

Potty training between 18-24 months

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As I mentioned above, children who are resistant to sitting on a potty chair may get more compliant afterwards 18 months. So is this interval — 18 to 24 months — a promising one for toilet training?

Many Western pediatricians say yes — i f your kid is showing signs of "toilet grooming readiness."

What are these signs?

I've compiled a checklist, based on the recommendations of several sources, including the American Academy of Pediatrics. Y'all can see the total checklist opens in a new windowhere.

But the quick answer is that the signs include major developmental milestones (similar the ability to walk), likewise as evidence that your child is motivated: Your kid asks to use a potty chair, or tells you that he or she wants to clothing "large child" underpants.

How of import are the signs? Should you really wait for them?

The answer depends on what your goals are.

If your goal is for your child to walk into the bathroom and sit on the potty independently, then y'all evidently should wait until he or she tin walk.

If you're interested in a more than modest goal — something closer to the parent-assisted dryness nosotros've discussed and then far — then y'all may want to skip the await.

Merely keep in listen. In that location's one sign of readiness that seems especially predictive of long-term success: A child's awareness of trunk signals, and power to communicate most them.

In a study tracking the progress of 270 toddlers, researchers found that merely three signs of readiness predicted toilet grooming success. 1 promising sign was if a child could pull his or her pants on and off. Some other was if a child showed pride in doing things independently.

But the nigh predictive sign of them all was if a child "expresses a demand to evacuate and shows awareness of the need to void or have a bowel movement" (Wyndaele et al 2020).

So if your child isn't withal showing these crucial abilities, it makes sense to foster them. Talk with your child about the sensations that accompany elimination, and teach your kid the vocabulary needed to express these feelings.

For tips about this — and near other aspects of toilet preparation readiness — see my commodity, opens in a new window"Toddler potty training: How to get your child set."

And whenever your child finally begins, remember that information technology will take a long time before your child has the skills and maturity to become "solo."

Even afterwards they complete training, most children aren't prepare to go to the bathroom unattended until they are at least 36 months old (Gesell and Ilg 1943; McKeith 1973; Bakker 2002; Schum et al 2002).

Potty grooming after 24 months: Understanding the pros and cons

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As I noted at the outset of this article, there's been a historical shift in the United States and other Western countries. Almost parents today are delaying potty training until their children are at least 24 months sometime. Is this benign to families? To children?

There's at least one, potential advantage for waiting this long: You're child is more developmentally advanced, and so your child will more quickly larn the skills needed for true toileting independence.

You may however demand to adapt your expectations. Remember that most kids will continue to demand our help with toileting until they are at least 36 months old. Just by 24 months, many kids are ready to start learning avant-garde toileting skills — similar pulling their pants up and downwardly; wiping; and washing their hands.

Another potential advantage: Older kids may train faster.

When researchers tracked the development of more 250 American children, they found kids tended to complete preparation more than quickly if they started after the age of 24 months (Schum et al 2002).

Another study, tracking more 400 American kids, likewise found that older kids completed their training in less time (Blum et al 2003).

But it's of import to annotation: Tardily toilet training has been linked with a higher risk of developing bladder problems.

For case, studies in multiple countries accept reported links between late training and a higher probability of experiencing bladder problems, including daytime incontinence later the age of v years (Barone et al 2009; Bakker 2002, Bakker et al 2002; Joinson et al 2009; Li et al 2020; Wang et al 2020).

At present keep in listen. Nosotros don't nonetheless knowwhy these links exist. We can't presume that afterwards training, by itself,causes float bug.

Just some intriguing clues have emerged.

For instance, in one report, researchers compared ii groups:

• 47 Vietnamese children (who started toilet grooming early on — commonly by half dozen months), and
• 57 Swedish children (95% of whom didn't begin toilet training until they were at to the lowest degree 24 months quondam).

The researchers wondered if the timing of toilet training was linked with any developmental differences in bladder function. In item, they wanted to know if children were in the addiction of completely emptying their bladders during urination.

Information technology'southward an of import habit, considering when we don't completely empty our bladders, the residual urine left behind puts united states of america at greater take a chance of developing a urinary tract infection (Hellström and Sillén 2001).

Then the researchers performed periodic tests on the children equally they grew older, and there was indeed a marked difference between groups.

The Vietnamese children — who had begun toilet training early — were completely emptying their bladders past the age of nine months.

By contrast, the Swedish kids — who started toilet training after 24 months — didn't learn to completely empty their bladders until they were 36 months old (Duong et al 2013).

Then these are considerations to weigh and balance. What'south the takeaway? What are the virtually important things to remember?

Experts agree that you should choose a time when your kid is

• healthy (no constipation, diarrhea, or urinary tract infections);
• relaxed (not stressed by new changes, like a move or new baby); and
• cooperative (not going through a rebellious phase).

In addition, it's a expert idea toactively prepare your kid for toileting grooming. When kids are aware of their trunk signals, and ready to communicate virtually them, they are more likely to succeed.

Finally, no affair when you determine to toilet train your child, you lot need to have realistic expectations about the outcome.

Even afterward they are "trained," immature children volition require a lot of assistance with toileting. And being trained doesn't mean that a kid never experiences set-backs or accidents. It is not unusual for children to experience occasional accidents into the school years (Kessel et al 2017; Wu 2013).

For more information about toileting, check out these Parenting Scientific discipline manufactures:

• opens in a new windowThe science of toilet grooming: What enquiry tells us near the timing
• Potty training techniques: An evidence-based guide to toilet grooming methods and their success rates
• Potty training problems and solutions: An bear witness-based guide

And are you curious well-nigh nighttime dryness? See my commodity about opens in a new windowwetting the bed.

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Content of " The timing of toilet preparation: What'south the right potty training historic period?"  concluding modified 2/2021

Portions of this text appeared in an  earlier version of this article, written by the same writer and posted on the aforementioned URL.

Championship paradigm of baby holding toilet lid by AlohaHawaii / shutterstock

Image of Hmong mother with infant in sling, Vietnam, by EoNaYa / istock

Paradigm of baby girl running in living room with dad by monkeybusinessimages / istock

image of male child reading on potty by yaoinlove / istock

epitome of child on potty (no head) by Saklakova / istock

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